Abstract

The introduction of primary elections is often presumed to carry important policy consequences. Every political party needs a procedure to nominate the person it will put forward for office at an upcoming election. Such a procedure is sometimes called a candidate-selection method (CSM), and primary elections are only one of many such methods. Historically, parties across the world have employed a diverse array of nomination processes such as delegate conventions and elite appointments, and only in recent times have primaries become more frequent. ¹ In the United States, for example, the introduction of the direct primary is associated with the Progressive Era, roughly between 1890 and 1920. A number of legal reforms during this period were geared to disempowering party bosses. Primary elections were conceived as a way of transferring the responsibility to nominate candidates from a few hundred convention delegates to thousands of party members. ² Among other goals, the reformers that advocate for primary elections in their countries are usually attempting to make parties more responsive to their rank-and-file members. Internal democracy is thus hailed as a major benefit of introducing primaries. ³