Abstract

Africa experienced a tortuous history in terms of violent conflict. Large contested spaces worsened conflicts, the subjugation of communities, small and large violent clashes on class and racial grounds, ¹ and a geo-space of scarce and contested resources by imposters and frequently by Africans themselves. Add to it colonialism, imperialism, hasty decolonization, dependency, including the development of underdevelopment, a Cold War with divisive consequences, leadership failures as well as neo-imperialism ² and interventions by foreign core powers (self-perceived world policemen), ³ and we have an explosive mix.