Abstract

Biofuels have provided a solution to world’s energy crisis and tolling due to population invasion and depleting fossil fuels. Catalysts are potential molecules for the rapid conversion of cheaper feedstock to valuable fuels like bioethanol or biodiesel. Immobilized catalysts offer advantages over free enzymes due to their reusability and easy separation from product. Immobilization of enzyme on nanomaterials increases the surface area and dispersability of immobilized biocatalyst, thus signifying the commercial viability of nanotechnology in the biofuel industry. Waste oils and ligno- cellulosic feedstock are currently being explored for biodiesel and bioethanol production, respectively. Enzyme lipase and cellulase are the key catalyst. Algae are potential source of oils and lipids that can be effectively extracted and used as biodiesel, and this extraction can be accelerated using nanoscale particles. However, there are challenges in the use of nanomaterials, including stability and handling. The need for risk assessment and safety analysis of nanomaterials has been realized in the present scenario. Understanding the biocompatibility of nanomaterials is a prerequisite for the development of safe nanotechnology. The application of nanotechnology for the immobilization of biocatalysts and biofuel production is highlighted in this chapter. The applicability of nanoemulsions as future biofuels is also included.