Abstract

Orange oil is an essential oil (EO) produced by cells within the rind of the orange fruit, which is extracted as a by-product of orange juice production by centrifugation due to numerous domestic, industrial, and medicinal uses [1]. Being nontoxic, nonirritating, and nonsensitizing, orange oil is granted the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (GRAS 182.20). EO is mostly composed of (greater than 90%) d-limonene, a highly valued terpene [2]. Although present in minor amounts, other components are important to enhance, for example, the plant antifungal and antibacterial properties with respect to pure d-limonene, as first reported in 1993 by Singh and colleagues [3].