Abstract

Based on a literature review and search of technical databases, the recent advancement of fuel cell technology has been identified for the three low temperature fuel cells: alkaline fuel cell (AFC), proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). Their technological status is presented with respect to their basic operating principle, acceptable contamination levels, the state-of-the-art technology, major technical barriers to commercialization, their economics and suitability for utility and transportation applications.